RF Wireless World Articles section
This section covers RF, Wireless, telecom, networking articles. It includes technologies such as wimax, wlan, lte, zigbee, GSM, M2M, wirelessHART as per IEEE/3GPP standards. It covers various layers as per OSI protocol stack viz. layer-1(physical layer),Layer-2(MAC layer) and upper layers(layer-3 and above) for wireless standards.
IoT based Systems
IoT based Fall detection system for elderly: The article covers architecture of the Fall detection system used for elderly people.
It mentions benefits or advantages of IoT Fall detection system.
Read More➤
Also refer other articles on IoT based systems as follows:
• AirCraft Lavatory Cleanliness System
• Collision Impact Measuring System
• Perishable Food and Vegetables Tracking System
• Driver Assistance System
• Smart Retail System
• Water Quality monitoring System
• Smart Grid System
• Zigbee based Smart Lighting System
• Zigbee based smart parking system
• LoRaWAN based smart parking system
Fading Basics and Types of fading in wireless communication
This page describes Fading basics and types of fading in wireless communication.
The Fading types are divided into large scale fading and small scale fading (multipath delay spread and doppler spread).
Flat fading and frequency selecting fading are part of multipath fading where as fast fading and slow fading
are part of doppler spread fading.These fading types are implemented as per Rayleigh, Rician,
Nakagami and Weibull distributions or models.
Read More➤
5G Cell Phone Architecture
This article on 5G Cell Phone architecture covers 5G Cell Phone Block diagram with internal modules of 5G
Cellular phone architecture.
Read More➤
5G NR Physical layer processing for PDSCH and PUSCH
his article describes 5G NR physical layer. The physical layer processing for 5G NR PDSCH channel and 5G NR PUSCH channel have been covered stepwise.
This 5G physical layer description is as per 3GPP physical layer specifications.
Read More➤
Repeater basics and repeater types
This page describes repeater basics and repeater types.
It explains functions of WiFi repeater, Microwave repeater, Satellite repeater,
LTE repeater and Optical repeater. It mentions difference between repeater and amplifier.
It mentions advantages and disadvantages of repeater.
Read More➤
Interference Basics and Interference types
This page describes Interference basics and Interference types.
The common types of interference include adjacent channel Interference, co-channel Interference,
Electromagnetic Interference, ICI (Inter Carrier Interference), ISI (Inter Symbol Interference),
light Interference, Sound Interference etc.
Read More➤
Basics of OSI and TCPIP Layers
This article outlines OSI layers and TCPIP basics required for RF and Wireless Engineers. The OSI, or
Open System Interconnection, model defines a networking framework for implementing protocols in seven
layers. TCPIP is used for internet applications mainly. The figure describes how TCPIP layers map to
OSI layers.
Read More➤
Design of RF Frequency Up converter
This paper demonstrates step by step approach to designing the Up converter or down converter module of any RF Frequency converter.
We will take example of designing the Up-converter module which translates IF frequency in the range of
about 70MHz to RF frequency of about 6GHz. This RF frequency converter is used in satellite applications.
Read More➤
Overview of 802.11a Physical layer
This article describes WLAN frame structure, symbol structure and Physical layer as defined in IEEE 802.11a-1999 standard.
802.11a operates at 2.4GHz RF frequency and supports data rate up to 54Mbps.
There are other popular standards in the 802.11 family 802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11n.
802.11b operates at 2.4GHz and supports data rate up to 11 Mbps, where in DSSS and CCK modulation schemes are employed. 802.11g
operates at 5GHz and supports both 11a and 11b standards.
Read More➤
WiMAX MAC layer protocol inside as per IEEE 802.16-2004 standard
This article describes IEEE 802.16-2004 wimax MAC layer protocols, its functions mainly
for schedule management and resource allocation. This article also helps in the
design of PHY layer as MAC layer plays very important role to determine modulation-code
rate and other useful PHY parameters.
Read More➤
WLAN MAC layer protocol inside as per IEEE 802.11 standard
This article describes IEEE 802.11 WLAN MAC layer protocols, including MAC frame fields in detail.
Read More➤
Basics of LTE system
This article describes LTE system frame structure, physical layers,protocol stack ,terminology for eNodeB amd UE.
Read More➤
VSAT System Overview
This article describes basics of satellite communication, VSAT subsystems-Outdoor and Indoor,
their functions and typical installation procedure for VSAT with frequency assignment. It also mentions specifications of VSAT system.
Read More➤
Satellite Ground Station Basics
This article basics of satellite ground station or earth station with block diagram,
Read More➤
WiMAX Physical layer In-depth analysis
This paper covers wimax frame and symbol structure and describes Physical layer modules and
functions of each in brief as per IEEE 802.16-2004 OFDM Physical layer specifications. The highlight of this
article is intuitive analysis of data flow between each modules of Physical layer.
Read More➤
Wireless System overview
This article is basic overview of Wireless system and it's subsystem viz. Baseband, RF and A-D/D-A
converters and their functions.It provides wireless network speeds for various technologies viz. WLAN,WiMAX,Zigbee,Bluetooth,
GSM,CDMA,LTE,LTE-Advanced etc.
Read More➤
Introduction of WLAN-11n Physical layer
This article covers WLAN 11n history, various frame structure w.r.t. various modes(legacy,mixed mode and green
field mode), physical layer block schematic and their functions.
Read More➤
Brief on Remote Radio Head
This article covers brief on remote radio head protocol stack,interfaces and its applications.
Read More➤
What is Router
This article describes about function of router with example of interworking between ATM based server and LAN based work station.
Read More➤
Difference between Single carrier and OFDM
This article describes difference between single carrier system and multi carrier system(OFDM). It also depicts block schematic for the same.
Read More➤
OFDM versus OFDMA
This article describes difference between OFDM and OFDMA systems.It explains the same with respect to frame structure of fixed wimax and mobile wimax systems where these concepts have been applied.
Read More➤
Types of OFDMA
This article covers OFDMA types localized and distributed.
Read More➤
WLAN-ac
This article covers WLAN-ac technology features and provides and provides references and web links for further study of the same.
Read More➤
wirelessHART
This article describes physical layer and data link layer of wirelessHART and also provides useful references for further study.
Read More➤
LTE Advanced
This article provides technology features of LTE advanced and also provides useful references for further study if someone wants to explore the system in depth.
Read More➤
M2M technology
This article provides description, applications of M2M technology. It also provides references for further study of the technology.
Read More➤
802.16m technology
This article provides features of 802.16m technology and covers introduction of the same.
Read More➤
FPGA implementation of MIMO
This papers covers various multiple antenna transmit and receive systems and covers implementation of MIMO system using verilog targetted for FPGA porting. It also provides results obtained during simulation of the same.
FPGA_Implementation_of_MIMO PDF➤
Difference between 802.11a,11b,11g and 11n
This page provides basic differences of 802.11a, 11b , 11g and 11n systems,
Read More➤.
Difference between 11n,11ac and 11ad technologies
This page provides basic differences of 802.11n, 11ac and 11ad systems,
Read More➤.
OFDM Physical layer measurements
This page covers all the useful measurements for PHY layer analysis for OFDM systems viz. wimax,wlan.
It covers power spectrum,EVM,CCDF,spectral flatness channel frequency response, constellation and more.
Equations are derived from IEEE 802.16-2004 standard.
Read More➤
802.11b Physical layer
This article describes 802.11 network architecture before proceeding to unleash 802.11b Physical layer.
It also briefly mention MAC layer of 802.11 standard.This WLAN standard along with 11a/g/n are mainly used for data communication and incorporated today in each and
every wireless devices e.g.laptop, tablet, mobile phones to provide data communication and also to increase the range
within the house or building.
Read More➤
IEEE 802 standards
This article describes 802 families of standards for local and metropolitan area networks. This family of standards deals with the Physical and Data Link Layers as defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model (ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994). The access standards define several types of medium access technologies and associated physical media, each appropriate for particular applications or system objectives. Other types are under investigation. The relationship between the standard and other members of the family is shown below.
It provides links for reader to go through the same in depth.
Read More➤
802.11 standards
This article describes about IEEE 802.11 history, description and various protocols.
IEEE 802.11 is a set of standards for implementing wireless local area network (WLAN).
This is used for data communication between computers using wireless medium. It operates at
various RF frequency bands viz. 2.4, 3.6 and 5 GHz.
Read More➤
802.16 standards
IEEE 802.16 is a series of Wireless Broadband standards for broadband for Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks-WMAN developed and
published by the IEEE. It has been commercialized under the name WiMAX by the WiMAX Forum industry alliance. WiMAX stands for Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access.
WiMAX Forum promotes and certifies compatibility and interoperability of products based on the IEEE 802.16
standards.
Read More➤
OFDMA Physical layer
This article describes on OFDMA basics, OFDMA frame structure and OFDMA Physical layer. It explains each modules of
OFDMA Physical layer as per IEEE 802.16e-2005 Standard. It covers example of 1024 FFT for Downlink chain which is used by Base Station to send information to Mobile subscribers.
Read More➤
Peak to Average Power Ratio-PAPR
This article describes about Peak to Average Power Ratio(PAPR),
its importance in wireless system and PAPR reduction techniques.
Read More➤
FPGA architecture
This article describes FPGA architecture.
Read More➤
Asynchronous FIFO Design with verilog test bench
This article describes Asynchronous FIFO design with verilog test bench simulation.
It covers FIFO memory,binary and gray counter.
Read More➤
RF Filter Design
This article covers steps to design RF Filter or microwave filter.
It covers richards transformation, kudora''s identity to achieve microstrip equivalent filter circuit.
Read More➤
Signal generation and analysis
This article describes RF signal generation and analysis useful for testing wireless device compliant to
IEEE or 3GPP standards viz. WLAN,WiMAX,LTE etc.
Read More➤
PXI system for RF and wireless test and measurement
This article describes PXI system basics,its application with respect to RF and wireless
test and measurement targeted for testing Wireless devices as per WLAN,
WiMAX, Zigbee, GSM,LTE and other IEEE/3GPP standards,
Read More➤
Wireless Test and Measurement Solutions from Agilent,Anritsu and Rohde and Schwarz
Following articles cover wireless test and measurement equipments/solutions for
testing wireless devices as per current and emerging wireless technologies/standards.
Agilent wireless test and measurement solutions➤
Anritsu wireless test and measurement solutions➤
Rohde Schwarz wireless test and measurement solutions➤
Zigbee Compliance and Manufacturing Tests
This article covers zigbee device compliance and manufacturing tests and test set up typically
followed by the test and certification or pre-certification companies,
Read More➤.
Difference between FDM and OFDM
This article describes difference between FDM and OFDM techniques.
Read More➤
Difference between SC-FDMA and OFDM
This article describes difference between SC-FDMA and OFDM techniques.
Read More➤
Difference between SISO and MIMO
This article describes difference between SISO and MIMO terminologies.
Read More➤
Difference between TDD and FDD
This article describes difference between TDD and FDD topologies.
Read More➤
Design of L band Satellite Modem
This page describes design of satellite modem which describes satellite modem block diagram and design tips with L band example.
Read More➤
Convolution Encoder Implementation
This page describes convolution encoder with example and mention pseudo code of convolutional encoding.
Read More➤
C band RF Transceiver design and development
This page describes RF Transceiver design and development with example specifications of C band RF Transceiver.
It also mention useful links to manufacturers and basics of rf transceiver.
Read More➤
Test procedures-How to test RF LNA, SSPA, RF Transceiver
Following links cover articles on test procedures which describes how to test RF LNA, SSPA and transceiver.
As part of test procedure it covers various RF measurements required to test these systems.
RF LNA Test Procedure, how to test LNA➤
RF SSPA Test Procedure, how to test SSPA➤
RF Transceiver Test Procedure, how to test transceiver➤
Selection Guide to Wireless Router and How to setup linksys router
This page describes how to setup wireless router and mention selection guide for wireless router,
Read More➤
Mifi internet, mifi-2200 router and How to setup mifi router
This page describes how to setup mifi router 2200.This device acts as portable wifi hotspot to provide mifi internet services,
Read More➤
10, 40, 100 Gigabit Ethernet Physical Layer-10Gbps Ethernet PHY
This page describes 10 Gigabit Ethernet Physical layer (10Gbps Ethernet PHY).
The article takes example of 10GBASE-R physical layer transmitter and receiver to explain the 10 Gigabit ethernet PHY layer.
Read More➤
Also refer 40 Gigabit Ethernet Physical Layer➤
Also refer 100 Gigabit Ethernet Physical Layer➤
How to interface PHY,MAC and RF layers
This article covers how to interface PHY,MAC and RF layers. This interface guide is very useful for connecting physical layer (i.e. layer-1) and MAC layer(i.e. layer-2) as required in WLAN, WiMAX, LTE and so on.
Read More➤
GSM Protocol Stack
This article covers GSM protocol stack for Mobile Station(MS),Base Transceiver Station(BTS),Base Station Controller(BSC) and Mobile Services Switching Center(MSC) network elements. Protocol stack include layer 1(radio-FDMA/TDMA,64kbps digital link),layer 2(LAPD,LAPDm) and layer 3(RRM,MM,CM,SCCP,BSSMAP,BTSM) functionalities.
Read More-PART1➤
Read More-PART2➤
GSM Physical Layer
This article on GSM physical layer covers GSM layer 1 modules which
include forward error correction,interleaving,ciphering,burst building,multiplexing,
differential encoding,GMSK modulation,GSM RF transmitter as per 3GPP released technical specifications,
READ MORE➤. For traffic channel,control channel and packet switched channel processing through
physical layer as per 3GPP standard follow links below.
GSM Traffic Channel processing through physical layer➤
GSM Control Channel processing through physical layer➤
GSM Packet Switched Channel processing through physical layer➤
TD-SCDMA Physical Layer
This article on TD-SCDMA physical layer covers as per 3GPP UTRA Physical Layer specifications. It describes Transmitter modules of the physical layer.
READ MORE➤.
Circuit switched Mobile Originated(MO) call in GSM
This article describes Mobile originated (MO) call as per GSM standard in circuit switched mode.
It covers message sequences for call establishment and call release(mobile originated).
READ MORE➤.
Circuit switched Mobile Terminated(MT) call in GSM
This article describes Mobile terminated (MT) call as per GSM standard in circuit switched mode.
It covers message sequences for call establishment and call release(mobile terminated).
READ MORE➤.
Packet switched data call downlink in GSM
This article describes downlink data call as per GSM standard in packet switched mode.
It covers GPRS attach and PDP context activation procedures.
READ MORE➤.
Packet switched data call uplink in GSM
This article describes uplink data call as per GSM standard in packet switched mode.
It covers GPRS attach and PDP context activation procedures.
READ MORE➤.
RELATED POSTS on RF WIRELESS WORLD
Circuit switched Mobile Originated(MO) and Mobile Terminated(MT) voice call in WCDMA
This article describes Mobile originated (MO) and Mobile Terminated(MT) voice call
as per WCDMA standard in circuit switched mode.
It covers message sequences for call establishment and call release.
READ MORE➤.
Packet switched data call in WCDMA
This article describes data call as per WCDMA standard in packet switched mode.
It covers layer 3 messages including PDP context activation/deactivation.
READ MORE➤.
wimax protocol stack
This article covers WiMAX protocol stack which describes Wimax physical layer,wimax MAC layer and upper layers. Wimax MAC layer include MAC privacy sub layer,MAC common part sub layer and MAC convergence sub layer.
READ MORE➤.
wimax network architecture
This article covers WiMAX network architecture which describes various wimax network elements such as SS/MS,BS,ASN gateway and CSN router.
Also mention various interfaces between these entities.
READ MORE➤.
Agile Scrum Methodology
This article covers agile scrum methodology,scrum basics,agile scrum life cycle,scrum team,scrum artifacts,scrum ceremonies and compares agile SDLC with waterfall SDLC.
READ MORE➤.
Project management professional-PMP
This article covers project management professional(PMP) basics for project managers and provide link to PMP formulas and how to pass PMP exam.
READ MORE➤.
How to pass PMP Exam on first Attempt
This article covers This article provides guide to pass PMP exam on first attempt including eligibility criteria to apply for PMP Exam.
READ MORE➤.
GPRS protocol stack
This article covers GPRS protocol stack for Mobile Station(MS).Protocol stack include layer 1(Physical layer),layer 2(LLC,RLC,MAC) and layer 3(SM,GMM,SNDCP) functionalities.
READ MORE➤.
GSM Mobile Phone Basics
This article on GSM Mobile Phone basics include both hardware and software components/modules of GSM mobile phone.
READ MORE➤.
Microstrip line basics and types of microstrip line
This article describes microstrip line basics and mention types of microstrip lines and their advantages.
READ MORE➤.
Microwave Transmission line basics and types of transmission line
This article describes microwave transmission line basics and mention types of transmission lines and their advantages.
READ MORE➤.
Coaxial line basics and types of coaxial line
This article describes microwave coaxial line basics and mention types of coaxial lines.
It also mention characteristic impedance of coaxial line.
READ MORE➤.
Slotline basics and slotline types
This article describes Slotline basics and mention Slotline types viz. antipodal slotline and bilateral slotline.
READ MORE➤.
Stripline basics and stripline types
This article describes Stripline basics and mention Stripline types viz. double conductor stripline, offset stripline and suspended stripline. Stripline Directional coupler technical specifications are listed.
READ MORE➤.
Microstrip line basics and its variants
This article describes microstrip line variants viz. inverted microstrip line, suspended microstrip line, shielded microstrip line.
Advantages and disadvantages are also covered here.
READ MORE➤.
Antenna diversity basics and diversity types
This page describes antenna diversity basics and mentions various types of diversity techniques which include space diversity,frequency diversity,time diversity, polarization diversity,pattern diversity,directional diversity and Transmit-Receive diversity.
READ MORE➤.
IoT-Internet of Things, Boon or curse for the mankind
In this article we will describe what is IoT, how does it work, IoT stack,IoT applications and we
will discuss whether IoT is boon or curse for the mankind.
READ MORE➤.
Automatic Protection Switching(APS) in SDH/SONET
In this article we will describe Automatic protection switching in SDH/SONET ring based networks.K1 and K2 bytes
of SDH frame used for this type of protection in also explained in detail.
READ MORE➤.
Oscilloscope basics,types and manufacturers-A buyer guide
This article of test and measurement category covers low cost oscilloscope basics,types and
oscilloscope manufacturers/vendors useful for buyer.
READ MORE➤.
SDN-Software Defined Networking
In this article we will describe SDN(Software Defined Networking) definition,major enablers of SDN,SDN architecture,benefits of SDN,
SDN standards and more.
READ MORE➤.
web application security testing tools
This article covers security testing tools basics, types and web application security testing.
It also provides basics of Wapiti,OWASP ZAP and Netsparker security tools.
READ MORE➤.
Electromagnetic compatible system design and requirement
This article covers Electromagnetic compatible system (EMC) requirement and mention design aspects of electromagnetic
compatible system.
READ MORE➤.
EM radiation basics and EM radiation mitigation techniques
This article covers Electromagnetic (EM) radiation basics and mention EM (Electromagnetic)
radiation mitigation (reduction) techniques used in mobile cellular system.
READ MORE➤.
Smart lighting system basics and Zigbee Smart LED bulb and Hub
This page describes zigbee based smart lighting system, Zigbee smart LED bulb and Hub manufacturers.
READ MORE➤.
Data loggers for data logging
The data logger is the system used for data logging.The page covers types of data loggers
and basic functions of data logging.
READ MORE➤.
NFC-Near Field Communication Basics
This page describes NFC (Near Field Communication) basics including NFC operation modes, NFC frequency,
NFC data rates, NFC tag types, NFC applications and NFC signalling types.
READ MORE➤.
ESD basics | Electrostatic Discharge Basics | ESD tester
This page covers ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) Basics, ESD classes, sources of ESD,
protection mechanism and devices and Electrostatic Discharge(ESD) tester.
READ MORE➤.
RF Energy Harvesting System Basics
This article covers RF energy harvesting system basics.This radio frequency harvesting is useful to charge the battery.
It covers RF energy harvesting system block diagram with components.
READ MORE➤.
AWG-Arbitrary Waveform Generator
This article describes AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) basics, AWG types (namely traditional AWG,DDS based AWG)
and comparison of AWG with conventional waveform generators.
READ MORE➤.
SDR-Software Defined Radio
This article on SDR(Software Defined Radio) covers SDR transmitter basics, SDR architecture,
difference between analog receiver and SDR receiver, benefits and more.
READ MORE➤.
Impedance Matching
This page covers impedance matching circuits and devices. Impedance matching circuits are L network, pi network, transmatch circuit etc.
Impedance matching devices include coaxial cable balun transformer, matching stubs, quarter wavelength transformer,
series matching section etc.
READ MORE➤.
Radio Broadcasting
This article covers radio broadcasting system basics with FM Radio Frequency Channels.
It also explains mobile FM radio broadcasting transmitter and receiver.
READ MORE➤.
RF Site Survey
This article describes RF site survey basics, RF survey types and RF survey tools used for
pre-installation verification of GSM, LTE, CDMA, UMTS networks.
READ MORE➤.
Sensors and Transducers
This article on Sensors and Transducers covers types, basic functions and provide links to sensors and transducers. It include temperature sensor, humidity sensor, strain sensor, proximity or occupancy sensor, force or load sensor, voltage and current sensor, pressure sensor, speed sensor, resistance sensor, power sensor, level sensor, event or state sensor etc. READ MORE➤. Refer following links for various sensors: