Level crossing rate vs Average Fade Duration

This page defines Level crossing rate vs Average Fade Duration and mentions difference between Level crossing rate and Average Fade Duration.

These terms are related to Radio propagation.

Level Crossing Rate (LCR)

• It is the measurement of average number of times a signal crosses a certain level.
• It is defined as follows.
• NR is expressed in units of fades per second where as LCR is expressed in crossings per sec.

Level Crossing Rate

Average Fade Duration (AFD)

• It is the measurement of average time over which the signal below a certain level.
• Both LCR and AFD can be used to design signaling format/diversity scheme for cellular systems.
• AFD is expressed in units of seconds. Average Fade Duration can be expressed by following formula.

Average Fade Duration

➨ Here, Ρ = R / Rrms is value of the specified amplitude level
➨R is normalized to local rms amplitude of the fading envelope
➨Rrms is based on the Rayleigh distribution of the received signal envelope

Telephony RELATED LINKS

Signalling Types
EPABX system basics
Circuit Switching vs Packet Switching
Telephone system tutorial
2W circuit vs 4W circuit

5G NR Numerology | 5G NR Terminology


5G NR Control channels | 5G NR Traffic Channels | 5G NR Reference Signals and sequences



5G TECHNOLOGY RELATED LINKS

This 5G tutorial also covers following sub topics on the 5G technology:
5G basic tutorial
5G Frequency Bands
5G millimeter wave tutorial
5G mm wave frame
5G millimeter wave channel sounding
Difference between 4G and 5G
5G testing and test equipments
5G network architecture
5G NR Physical layer
5G NR MAC layer
5G NR RLC layer
5G NR PDCP layer

LoRaWAN related links

The LoRaWAN Wireless tutorial covers following sub topics:
LoRaWAN Smart Parking   LoRaWAN sensor design   LoRaWAN smart healthcare system   LoRaWAN smart water metering   LoRaWAN architecture   LoRaWAN Interface Types   LoRaWAN roaming types   LoRa tutorial   LoRa Frequency Bands   LoRa protocol stack   LoRa MAC layer   LoRaWAN classes   LoRa features   LoRa Transceiver module  


What is Difference between

difference between FDM and OFDM
Difference between SC-FDMA and OFDM
Difference between SISO and MIMO
Difference between TDD and FDD
Difference between 802.11 standards viz.11-a,11-b,11-g and 11-n
OFDM vs OFDMA
CDMA vs GSM
Bluetooth vs zigbee
Fixed wimax vs mobile



RF and Wireless Terminologies